Flashcard: Understanding Diabetes: Types, Risks, and Management — 20 carte

Diabetes — definition?

Chronic hyperglycemia from insulin issues.

Blood glucose — normal range?

Less than 1.10 g/l fasting.

Type 1 vs 2 — difference?

Type 1: autoimmune, insulin deficiency; Type 2: resistance, insulin decline.

Pre-diabetes — criteria?

Fasting 1.10-1.25 g/l or OGTT 1.40-1.99 g/l.

Diabetes complications — types?

Microvascular and macrovascular damages.

Insulin — role?

Regulates glucose uptake and metabolism.

Diabetes management — focus?

Lifestyle, monitoring, individualized targets.

Insulin therapy — when?

Type 1, severe hyperglycemia, or failure of oral meds.

Glycemic goals — aim?

Fasting <1.10 g/l, postprandial <1.40 g/l.

Diabetes in elderly — impact?

Higher prevalence, comorbidities, polypharmacy.

Type 1 — key feature?

Autoimmune beta cell destruction.

Type 2 — key feature?

Insulin resistance, gradual beta cell decline.

Pre-diabetes — risk?

Progression to Type 2 diabetes.

Microvascular — examples?

Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy.

Macrovascular — examples?

Coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral artery disease.

Insulin secretion — pattern?

Basal steady, bolus after meals.

Blood glucose — monitoring tools?

Capillary tests, CGM, HbA1c.

Insulin — types?

Basal (long-acting), bolus (rapid-acting).

Glycemic targets — in elderly?

Less strict, HbA1c up to 8-9%.

Diabetes in elderly — challenges?

Polypharmacy, comorbidities, altered physiology.