What type of tissue is blood?
A reddish liquid tissue.
What percentage of body weight does blood represent?
About 7%.
What are two functions of blood?
It transports substances and helps protect against disease.
What are the two main components of blood?
Plasma and blood cells.
What is plasma in blood?
The transparent, yellowish liquid part of blood, consisting mainly of water and dissolved substances.
How much protein does a litre of blood plasma contain approximately?
Approximately 70–80 g.
What is another name for gamma globulins?
Immunoglobulins.
Which five types of immunoglobulins are found in gamma globulins?
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Which gas do erythrocytes transport from the lungs to body tissues?
Oxygen.
How many leukocytes are normally found per mm3 of blood?
4,000–10,000.
What is the normal proportion of neutrophils among leukocytes?
45–70%.
What is hematopoiesis?
The formation of blood cells.
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur?
In bone marrow.
What can pluripotent stem cells produce during hematopoiesis?
Lineage-specific monopotent stem cells.
What is the formation process for red blood cells called?
Erythropoiesis.
What is the formation process for granulocytes called?
Granulopoiesis.
What is the formation process for lymphocytes called?
Lymphopoiesis.
What is the formation process for platelets called?
Thrombocytopoiesis.
What is erythropoiesis?
The continuous formation of red blood cells.
How many red blood cells does erythropoiesis produce daily?
100–250 billion.
What happens to developing cells during erythropoiesis before they become reticulocytes?
They multiply, shrink, produce hemoglobin, and lose their nuclei.
What do reticulocytes mature into during erythropoiesis?
Red blood cells.
What does granulopoiesis form, where does it occur, and how long does it take?
It forms polynuclear leukocytes in bone marrow over about 9–10 days.
What is the developmental sequence of granulocytes?
Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamielocyte, band cell, then mature granulocyte.
What does lymphopoiesis produce?
Lymphocytes.
Where do monopotent stem cells begin producing immature lymphoblasts?
In bone marrow.
Where do some immature lymphocytes mature into B cells during embryonic development?
In intestinal lymphoid tissue.
Where do immature lymphocytes mature into T cells during embryonic development?
In the thymus.
How do platelets enter the blood from megakaryocytes?
Megakaryocyte cytoplasm fragments into membrane-bounded units.
What can form blood cells if adult bone-marrow activity fails?
The liver or spleen can regain blood-cell-forming activity.
What distinguishes red marrow from yellow marrow?
Red marrow forms blood cells, while yellow marrow contains abundant fat.
What proportion of bones remain active in adult hematopoiesis?
About one-quarter.
Where do lymphoid follicles occur outside lymph nodes?
In the intestinal lining and respiratory mucosa.
What defines a human blood group?
A classification based on red blood cell antigens.
What antigens and antibodies characterize ABO groups A and B?
Group A has antigen A and anti-B antibodies; group B has antigen B and anti-A antibodies.
Which antigens and antibodies characterize ABO groups AB and O?
Group AB has both antigens and neither antibody; group O has neither antigen and both antibodies.
Which ABO alleles are codominant?
A and B.
Why can phenotype alone not distinguish AA from AO or BB from BO?
A and B each dominate O.
What do Rh-positive red cells carry?
The Rh antigen.
What can Rh-negative red cells prompt antibody production against?
The Rh antigen.
What can an Rh-positive transfusion trigger in an Rh-negative recipient?
An immune response.
What response does an Rh-negative-to-Rh-positive transfusion not trigger?
The immune response described in the source.
How can an Rh-negative mother become immunized by an Rh-positive fetus?
Rh-positive fetal red cells cross the placenta.
What can maternal antibodies cause in a later pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn.
How much blood does an adult body contain approximately?
About 5 litres.
What factors are related to the amount of blood in a person’s body?
Age, weight, sex, and height.
Which substances are dissolved in plasma?
Sugars, sodium, chloride and potassium ions, iron and calcium minerals, fats, and proteins.
Where are almost all plasma proteins formed?
In the liver.
What fraction of plasma proteins is albumin approximately?
Approximately half.
Which plasma proteins carry iron, copper, and vitamin B12, respectively?
Transferrin carries iron, ceruloplasmin carries copper, and transcobalamin carries vitamin B12.
What shape do red blood cells have?
A biconcave disc.
What percentage of red blood cells are reticulocytes?
Approximately 1%.
What is another name for polynuclear leukocytes?
Granulocytes.
Which blood cells are the largest, and what is their diameter?
Monocytes, 10–20 μm.
What proportion of circulating lymphocytes are B cells?
10–20%.
Why must hematopoiesis continuously regenerate blood cells?
Blood cells age and are destroyed.
How many red blood cells can one proerythroblast generate?
16 red blood cells.
How long does red-cell formation in bone marrow take?
3–5 days.
When do reticulocytes enter the blood after bone-marrow formation?
1–2 days later.
How long does the complete red-cell formation process take?
5–8 days.
Which immature cells are released first when leukocyte demand rises?
Band cells.
What happens to precursor-cell multiplication during prolonged leukocyte demand?
It increases.
What stimulates granulopoiesis, and what does granulopoietin specifically stimulate?
Infection and corticosteroid hormones stimulate granulopoiesis; granulopoietin stimulates granulocyte formation.
How are blood neutrophils divided between circulating and marginal pools?
Approximately equally.
What effect can exercise have on neutrophil pools?
It can shift neutrophils from the marginal pool to the circulating pool.
What happens to neutrophils and monocytes after they leave the blood?
Neutrophils enter tissues after about 12 hours and do not return; monocytes leave after about 9 hours.
How long can lymphocyte lifespan range, depending on type and activity?
From a few days to 3 months–10 years or longer.
How many platelets can each megakaryocyte produce?
4,000–5,000 platelets.
Which hormone stimulates platelet formation?
Thrombocytopoietin.
Which bones contain active marrow in adults?
The ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and long bones.
Where is the spleen located?
In the upper left abdomen.
How many lymph nodes does the body contain?
About 500–1,000.
Who established blood-group classification, and in what year?
Karl Landsteiner, 1901.
Which inheritance pattern did Landsteiner find for blood groups?
Mendelian inheritance.
What happens to donor group A red cells in an A-to-B transfusion?
Anti-A antibodies in the group B recipient destroy them.
Answer 28 questions on Blood and Hematopoiesis.
1. Which description best characterizes blood and its major roles in the body?
2. Which two components make up blood?
Go over the full study guide for Blood and Hematopoiesis.
Read the study guide →Upload your class notes and Revizly writes your flashcards in about a minute.
Flashcard maker