What does Anatomy study in the human body?
The structure and relationships of its different parts.
What does Physiology study in the human body?
The normal functions and workings of its parts.
What is the first level in the human body's organization?
Atoms.
What level comes after cells in the body's organization?
Tissues.
What is the highest level of organization in the human body?
The organism.
What is the anatomical position used for in anatomy?
It is the standard reference position to describe body part relationships.
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
Into right and left parts.
What parts does the coronal or frontal plane divide the body into?
Anterior and posterior parts.
What parts does the transverse or horizontal plane divide the body into?
Upper and lower parts.
What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal planes?
Midsagittal divides into equal halves; parasagittal divides into unequal parts.
What does anterior or ventral mean in anatomical direction?
Toward the front.
What does medial mean in anatomical terms?
Closer to the median plane.
What does distal mean in anatomical direction?
Farther from the point of attachment.
Which systems are included in the eleven human body systems?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
What is metabolism in the human body?
The sum of all chemical processes occurring in the body.
What does anabolism do in metabolism?
Builds substances.
What does catabolism do in metabolism?
Breaks substances down.
What is homeostasis?
The process maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
What is the normal human body temperature?
37°C.
What is the normal blood pH range given in the course?
7.45 to 7.88.
What is a feedback system in homeostasis?
A mechanism that maintains homeostasis by monitoring and correcting internal changes.
What components operate in a feedback system?
A receptor, control centre, effector, and response.
What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
The cell.
Who first observed the cell?
Robert Hooke.
In which year was the cell first observed by Robert Hooke?
1665.
Who observed the first living cell?
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
What is the plasma membrane?
A thin, flexible, elastic, selectively permeable barrier of the cell.
What does the plasma membrane separate?
The internal components of the cell from the external environment.
What is the cytoplasm in a cell?
The gel-like substance between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
What do ribosomes synthesize in cells?
Proteins.
What distinguishes smooth from rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes; rough ER has surface ribosomes.
What is the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
To synthesize and transport proteins.
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Flattened membrane-bound sacs.
What functions does the Golgi apparatus perform?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
What shapes can the nucleus have?
Generally spherical or oval.
What is the nucleus's main function?
Acts as the control centre of the cell containing genetic material.
What percentage of the plasma membrane is composed of proteins?
Approximately 50–60% of the plasma membrane is proteins.
What are the two parts of a phospholipid based on water interaction?
A hydrophilic part that attracts water and a hydrophobic part that repels water.
What does passive transport require to move substances across membranes?
Passive transport does not require cellular energy or ATP.
How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion moves molecules without carrier proteins, facilitated diffusion uses specific carrier or channel proteins.
What does osmosis specifically move through a membrane?
Osmosis moves water through a selectively permeable membrane.
In which direction does active transport move substances relative to concentration?
Active transport moves substances from lower to higher concentration against the gradient.
What energy source does primary active transport use?
Primary active transport directly uses ATP.
How does secondary active transport obtain energy and move substances?
It uses energy stored in an ion gradient and may move substances in the same or different direction.
What does a tight junction prevent between cells?
Leakage of substances.
Which filament type connects cells in adherens junctions?
Actin filaments.
What type of filaments do desmosomes attach cells through?
Intermediate filaments.
What function do desmosomes provide to cells?
Resistance to stretching.
What do hemidesmosomes connect cells to?
The basement membrane.
Which filaments do hemidesmosomes link to the extracellular matrix?
Intermediate filaments.
What do gap junctions allow to pass between adjacent cells?
Ions and small molecules.
In which muscle type are gap junctions especially important?
Cardiac muscle cells.
Test your knowledge with 24 questions on Human Anatomy and Cell Biology.
1. Which branch of science focuses on the structure of the human body and the relationships between its parts?
2. A student investigates how the heart contracts and pumps blood under normal conditions. Which field is the student applying?
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