What proportions of a human cell are water, proteins, lipids, sugars, RNA, and salts?
75% water, 15% proteins, 3% lipids, 2% sugars, 2% RNA, and 1% salts.
How is DNA organized in prokaryotic cells compared with eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack DNA organized in a nucleus; eukaryotes have chromosomes within a nuclear membrane.
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with a common origin.
What distinguishes a system from an apparatus in body organization?
A system has organs made from the same tissue type performing related actions; an apparatus combines body parts, tissues, and organs for a specific function.
Which cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
The cranial and spinal cavities.
Where is the thoracic cavity, and which organs does it contain?
Above the diaphragm; it contains the lungs, heart, trachea, and major blood vessels.
Where is the abdominal cavity, and which organs does it contain?
Below the diaphragm; it contains the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, and intestines.
What do proximal and distal mean relative to the trunk?
Proximal means nearer the trunk; distal means farther from it.
What do medial and lateral mean relative to the body's midline?
Medial means toward the midline; lateral means toward either side.
How do sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes divide the body?
Sagittal divides left and right, frontal divides front and back, and transverse divides upper and lower parts.
What does the skeleton support?
Soft tissues and organs.
Which organs does the skeleton protect?
Organs within body cavities.
How does the skeleton enable movement?
It works with joints and contracting muscles.
What does bone marrow produce?
Blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
What are the four bone types by shape?
Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
Which bone type includes the femur?
Long bones.
Which bone type includes the carpals?
Short bones.
What is a joint?
A connection between bones or skeletal segments.
How much movement do synarthroses allow?
No movement.
What movement do amphiarthroses allow?
Little movement.
What does a ligament connect, and what does it stabilize?
It connects bones and stabilizes a joint.
What does a tendon connect?
A muscle to a bone.
What is a muscle?
A contractile organ made of fibers that produces movement.
Which nutrients does a balanced diet provide to support skeletal health and growth?
Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and vitamin A.
How much vitamin D does an adult need daily?
0.01 mg.
Which foods are listed as sources of vitamin D?
Milk, butter, cod-liver oil, and fish.
What does immobility syndrome mean?
A reduced or lost ability to perform daily activities because movement functions have deteriorated.
What three changes characterize immobility syndrome?
Reduced exercise tolerance, persistent muscle weakness, and loss of automatic movements and postural reflexes.
What defines severe immobility?
Being confined to bed and requiring complete assistance.
What psychological problems can bed immobility cause?
Depression, delirium, cognitive decline, acquired disability syndrome, and fear of falling.
Before moving a person or object, what should you do to lower your center of gravity?
Bend your knees.
Before moving a person or object, how should you position your feet?
Use a widened stance with one foot slightly forward.
When lifting from the floor, which muscles should do the work?
The leg muscles.
When lifting from the floor, how should you hold your back?
Keep it straight.
When turning during exertion, what should you turn before your trunk?
Your feet.
What angle defines standard Fowler's position?
The bed is raised to 45°.
How does Trendelenburg positioning orient the patient's body?
The patient's head is lower than the feet.
Which cell type makes up bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and animals?
Bacteria are prokaryotic; fungi, algae, plants, and animals are eukaryotic.
Which four tissue types are named, and what cells chiefly characterize muscle and nervous tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous; muscle has contractile cells, while nervous tissue chiefly has neurons and neuroglia.
What functions do the digestive and respiratory apparatuses perform?
The digestive apparatus processes food and eliminates waste; the respiratory apparatus exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What do the circulatory apparatus and musculoskeletal system do?
The circulatory apparatus transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones; the musculoskeletal system supports and protects the body, enables movement, and stores minerals.
Where is the pelvic cavity, and what does it contain?
Below the abdomen; it contains parts of the large intestine and the reproductive organs.
What directions do ventral, dorsal, cranial, and caudal indicate?
Ventral is toward the front, dorsal toward the back, cranial toward the head, and caudal away from the head.
Which mineral salts do bones store?
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
Which joints connect bones with cartilage and include vertebral joints?
Amphiarthroses.
What action do flexors perform?
They bend a body part.
Which named disorders are classified as muscle disorders?
Fibromyalgia and dystrophy.
Which other muscle problems are listed besides named muscle disorders?
Muscle contractures and tears.
Which bone disorders are named in the musculoskeletal disorders section?
Osteosclerosis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, and neoplasms.
Which joint disorders are named in the musculoskeletal disorders section?
Osteoarthritis, arthritis, herniated disc, adult rheumatoid arthritis, gout, dislocation, and sprain.
Which substances can sunlight help convert into vitamin D in the skin?
Substances including sterols.
What role does vitamin A play in skeletal health?
It supports cartilage activity.
Which foods are listed as sources of vitamin A?
Milk and dairy products, animal oils, tomatoes, and carrots.
What posture-related practices help prevent deformities?
Keep the back straight, correct poor workplace posture, and use corrective exercise when appropriate.
What percentage of people over 65 have mobility difficulties?
15–18%.
Which physical capacities does exercise help maintain?
Strength, muscle tone, bone density, autonomy, and self-care.
What is a joint's range of motion?
The degree of mobility the joint allows.
What movement turns the forearm upward?
Supination.
How can you stabilize your pelvis when moving an object?
Contract your abdominal and gluteal muscles.
How does keeping an object close affect its center of gravity relative to yours?
It brings the object’s center of gravity closer to yours.
Which requires less effort: pushing or lifting?
Pushing.
What purposes do bed positions serve for patients?
They facilitate examinations and treatment, prevent wounds and ulcers, and improve comfort.
What positioning principles help maintain a patient's correct bed posture?
Keep limbs slightly flexed, align body parts, maintain hip abduction, and use supports as needed.
How is a patient positioned in the supine position?
The patient lies on the back with the arms and legs extended.
How is a patient positioned in the prone position?
The patient lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side.
How is a patient positioned laterally?
The patient lies on one side with the back straight, arms flexed, lower leg extended or slightly bent, and upper leg flexed.
How is a patient positioned in Sims' position?
The patient lies between prone and lateral, with the lower arm back, upper arm near the head, lower leg partly flexed, and upper leg flexed.
Answer 26 questions on Human Body and Movement.
1. Which substance makes up the largest listed proportion of a human cell?
2. What distinguishes the organization of DNA in eukaryotic cells from that in prokaryotic cells?
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