What does the 5B rule require checking before each medication administration?
The right medication, time, patient, dose, and route.
What is the active ingredient in a medication?
The active molecule responsible for the medication’s pharmacological effect.
What is an excipient in a medication?
A component presented as inert that facilitates the active ingredient’s integration or administration.
What does pharmacokinetics study about a medication?
Its fate within the organism.
What does pharmacodynamics study about an active ingredient?
Its effect on the organism.
In what order does the pharmacokinetic pathway proceed?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, then elimination.
What is drug absorption?
The passage of unchanged drug from its administration site into the systemic circulation.
What does studying absorption help determine about drug administration?
The administration route suited to the target, desired effect timing or duration, drug properties, and patient characteristics.
Which route category uses the digestive tract for administration?
The enteral routes.
What distinguishes parenteral routes from other routes?
Parenteral routes breach tissue beside the digestive tract.
Which four parenteral routes are cited in the course?
Intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intra-arterial routes.
What does the blood-brain barrier filter?
Exchanges between the bloodstream and the central nervous system.
When are teratogenic risks associated with medication use during pregnancy?
The first trimester.
What outcome is associated with teratogenic risks during pregnancy?
Birth defects.
When are fetotoxic risks associated with medication use during pregnancy?
The second and third trimesters.
What outcome is associated with fetotoxic risks during pregnancy?
Fetal intoxication.
During absorption, what does transfer describe?
Movement to the site considered.
During absorption, what does resorption describe?
Passage through a cell membrane.
What is the first-pass effect?
Drug loss as it passes through cells, especially in the intestine or liver.
How does passive diffusion differ from active transport in energy use and membrane passage?
Passive diffusion crosses the membrane naturally without energy; active transport uses a membrane carrier and energy to move against the gradient.
Which factors determine a drug’s passage by passive diffusion?
Concentration gradient, molecular weight, lipophilicity, and the drug’s uncharged state.
What distinguishes active transport in specificity and capacity?
It is specific and saturable.
How can active transport move a drug against its gradient?
It uses energy to move the drug against its gradient.
What can active transport cause between drugs?
Competition between drugs.
Where is oral drug absorption generally more favorable, and why?
In the intestine, due to pH, absorption surface, and vascularization.
After intestinal absorption, which vessel does a drug enter before the portal vein?
The mesenteric veins.
After passing through the liver, how does a drug reach the general circulation?
Through the caval system.
What does an efflux pump do to a drug inside a cell?
It expels the drug from the cell.
How can efflux pumps limit a drug’s action?
They can limit its access to its destination.
What does the area under a blood concentration–time curve represent?
The organism’s exposure to the medication.
In what units is the area under the blood concentration–time curve expressed in the course?
Milligrams per liter per hour.
What does relative bioavailability compare?
The amount reaching the blood by a studied route versus a non-intravenous reference route.
Where can drug metabolism occur besides the liver?
At multiple sites in the body.
Which organ is particularly emphasized as a site of drug metabolism?
The liver.
What is the main route of drug elimination?
Urinary elimination.
Which route may eliminate a drug if urinary elimination is insufficient?
The fecal route.
What treatment does the course propose for a localized foot fungal infection?
A cream applied directly to the affected area.
What can a perfusion or transdermal device provide?
Prolonged absorption.
Where does sublingual medication enter circulation directly?
The veins beneath the tongue.
Which metabolism does the sublingual route avoid compared with oral administration?
The hepatic metabolism associated with the oral route.
Which routes are classified as enteral in the course?
Oral and rectal routes.
Which route is classified separately from enteral routes in the course?
The sublingual route.
What two general drawbacks do parenteral routes present?
Pain and a risk of infection from tissue breach.
At what angle is an intramuscular injection given?
At 90°.
At what angle is a subcutaneous injection given?
At 45°.
Which barrier does oral medication encounter as intestinal cells carry it toward the blood?
The digestive barrier.
Which nervous system must some psychotropic drugs and antiemetics reach?
The central nervous system.
Which four properties characterize passive diffusion?
It is non-saturable, non-specific, competition-free, and energy-free.
At what pH is a molecule uncharged according to the pKa definition?
At its pKa.
What charge does a molecule have below its pKa?
A positive charge.
What approximate pH does the course assign to the stomach?
Approximately 1 to 2.
What approximate pH does the course assign to the intestine?
Approximately 6 to 7.
How does intestinal absorption surface compare with the stomach’s?
It is much greater.
How does intestinal vascularization compare with the stomach’s?
The intestine is more vascularized.
What medication loss does the course estimate during intestinal first-pass?
Approximately 10%.
What average drug loss is associated with first-pass hepatic metabolism?
60–70%.
What change in surviving tumor cells can contribute to chemotherapy resistance?
An increase in efflux pumps on their surface.
Which cytochromes does the course cite as involved in first-pass hepatic metabolism?
Cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A4.
How does blood concentration after oral administration differ from intravenous administration?
Oral concentration rises progressively, while intravenous administration produces an immediate concentration.
What may differ between a generic medication and its originator medication?
Their excipients may differ.
What active-ingredient feature does a generic medication share with its originator?
It has the same active ingredient.
What relative bioavailability is sought for a generic medication compared with its originator?
A value close to 1.
How can an antacid affect a medication whose bioavailability depends on gastric degradation?
It can reduce gastric degradation and increase the amount reaching the blood.
Answer 22 questions on Pharmacocinétique et absorption.
1. Before administering a medication, which checks are required by the five rights?
2. What distinguishes an active pharmaceutical ingredient from an excipient?
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